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The document adopted in 1776 is the Declaration of Independence. This significant text was approved by the Continental Congress on July 4, 1776, and it proclaimed the American colonies' separation from British rule. Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson, the Declaration outlined the philosophical rationale for independence, emphasizing natural rights and the idea that governmental power derives from the consent of the governed. This document not only marked a pivotal moment in American history but also inspired other nations and movements around the world advocating for liberty and self-determination.

In contrast, the Bill of Rights was adopted much later, in 1791, as the first ten amendments to the Constitution to ensure individual liberties. The Articles of Confederation served as the first constitution for the newly independent states but was ratified in 1781. Finally, the Emancipation Proclamation was issued by President Abraham Lincoln in 1863 during the Civil War, making it relevant to a different context of American history focused on the abolition of slavery.